Volume 11 · Number 3 ·
Pages 572–579
Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice
Log in download the full text in PDF
Abstract
Context: The relationship between design and science has shifted over recent decades. One bridge between the two is cybernetics, which offers perspectives on both in terms of their practice. From around 1980 onwards, drawing on ideas from cybernetics, Glanville has suggested that rather than apply science to design, it makes more sense to understand science as a form of design activity, reversing the more usual hierarchy between the two. I return to review this argument here, in the context of recent discussions in this journal regarding second-order science (SOS). Problem: Despite numerous connections to practice, second-order cybernetics (SOC) has tended to be associated with theory. As a result, SOC is perceived as separate to the more tangible aspects of earlier cybernetics in a way that obscures both the continuity between the two and also current opportunities for developing the field. Method: I review Glanville’s understanding of design, and particularly his account of scientific research as a design-like activity, placing this within the context of the shifting relation between science and design during the development of SOC, with reference to the work of Rittel and Feyerabend. Through this, I summarise significant parallels and overlaps between SOC and the contemporary concerns of design research. Results: I suggest that we can see design research not just as a field influenced by cybernetics but as a form of SOC practice even where cybernetics is not explicitly referenced. Implications: Given this, design research offers much to cybernetics as an important example of SOC that is both outward looking and practice based. As such, it bridges the gap between SOC and the more tangible legacy of earlier cybernetics, while also suggesting connections to contemporary concerns in this journal with SOS in terms of researching research. Constructivist content: By suggesting that we see design research as an example of SOC, I develop connections between constructivism and practice.
Key words: Science, design research, second-order cybernetics, second-order science, practice, Ranulph Glanville
Citation
Sweeting B. (2016) Design research as a variety of second-order cybernetic practice. Constructivist Foundations 11(3): 572–579. http://constructivist.info/11/3/572
Export article citation data: Plain Text · BibTex · EndNote · Reference Manager (RIS)
Similar articles
References
Alexander C. (1964) Notes on the synthesis of form. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Alexander C. (1984) The state of the art in design methods. In: Cross N. (ed.) Developments in design methodology. Wiley, Chichester: 309–316. Originally published in 1971. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Alrøe H. F. & Noe E. (2014) Second-order science of interdisciplinary research: A polyocular framework for wicked problems. Constructivist Foundations 10(1): 65–76 http://constructivist.info/10/1/065
Arbib M. A. (2013) (Why) should architects care about neuroscience? In: Tidwell P. (ed.) Architecture and neuroscience: A tapio wirkkala-rut bryk design reader. Tapio Wirkkala Rut Bryk Foundation, Espoo: 43–76. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Archer B. (1979) Design as a discipline. Design Studies 1(1): 17–20. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Ashby W. R. (1957) An introduction to cybernetics. Chapman & Hall, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Ashby W. R. (1991) General systems theory as a new discipline. In: Klir G. J. (ed.) Facets of systems science. Plenum Press, New York: 249–257. Originally published in 1958. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Baron P., Glanville R., Griffiths D. & Sweeting B. (eds.) (2015) Living in Cybernetics: Papers from the 50th Anniversary Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics. Special double issue of Kybernetes 44(8/9). ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Bédard J.-F. (ed.) (1994) Cities of artificial excavation: The work of Peter Eisenman, 1978–1988. Rizzoli International, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Boden M. (2006) Mind as machine, a history of cognitive science. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Brand S., Bateson G. & Mead M. (1976) For God’s sake, Margaret: Conversation with Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead. CoEvolutionary Quarterly 10: 32–44. http://www.oikos.org/forgod.htm
Bremaud I. (2012) Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: Biological and cultural diversity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America 2012: 131(1): 807–818. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808347.
Broadbent G. & Ward A. (1969) Design methods in architecture. Lund Humphries, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Crease R. P. & Lutterbie J. (2010) Technique. In: Krastner D. & Saltz D. A. (eds.) Staging philosophy: Intersections of theater, performance, and philosophy. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor: 160–179. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Cross N. (1982) Designerly ways of knowing. Design Studies 3(4): 221–227. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Cross N. (2007) Designerly ways of knowing. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Cross N. (2007) From a design science to a design discipline: Understanding designerly ways of knowing and thinking. In: Michel R. (ed.) Design research now: Essays and selected projects. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Downton P. (2004) Studies in design research: Ten epistemological pavilions. RMIT University Press, Melbourne. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Dubberly H. & Pangaro P. (2007) Cybernetics and service-craft: Language for behavior-focused design. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1301–1317. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Dubberly H. & Pangaro P. (2015) How cybernetics connects computing, counterculture, and design. In: Hippie modernism: The struggle for utopia. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis MN: 1–12. http://www.dubberly.com/articles/cybernetics-and-counterculture.html
Durrant A. C., Vines J., Wallace J. & Yee J. (2015) Developing a dialogical platform for disseminating research through design. Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 401–434 http://constructivist.info/11/1/401
Eno B. (2011) Composers as gardeners. Edge 11.10.11. https://www.edge.org/conversation/composers-as-gardeners.
Evans R. (1985) Not to be used for wrapping purposes: Peter Eisenman: Fin d’Ou T Hou S. AA Files 10: 68–78. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29543477
Feyerabend P. K. (1970) Against method. In: Radner M. & Winokur S. (eds.) Analyses of theories and methods of physics and psychology. Volume IV. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis: 17–130. Retrieved from http://www.mcps.umn.edu/philosophy/completeVol4.html
Feyerabend P. K. (1982) Science in a free society. Verso, London. Originally published in 1978. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Feyerabend P. K. (1993) Against method. Third edition. Verso, London. Originally published in 1975. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Fischer T. & Herr C. (2007) The designer as toolbreaker? Probing tool use in applied generative design. In: CAADRIA2004: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on computer aided architectural design research in Asia, Nanjing, China 19–21 April 2007: 367–375. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Fischer T. & Richards L. D. (2015) From goal-oriented to constraint-oriented design: The cybernetic intersection of design theory and systems theory. Leonardo Journal, in press http://cepa.info/2299
Fischer T. (2015) Wiener’s prefiguring of a cybernetic design theory. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 34(3): 52–59. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Flusser V. (2011) Into the universe of technical images. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Foerster H. von & Poerksen B. (2002) Understanding systems. Translated by K. Leube. Kluwer Academic, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Foerster H. von (1962) Perception of form in biological and man-made systems. In: Zagorski E. J. (ed.) Transactions of the I. D. E. A. Symposion. University of Illionois, Urbana IL: 10–37 http://cepa.info/1612
Foerster H. von (1992) Ethics and second-order cybernetics. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 1(1): 9–20 http://cepa.info/1742
Foerster H. von (2003) Cybernetics of cybernetics. In: Understanding understanding: Essays on cybernetics and cognition. Springer, New York: 283–286. Originally published in: Krippendorff K. (ed.) (1979) Communication and control. Gordon and Breach, New York: 5–8 http://cepa.info/1707
Foerster H. von (2003) Understanding understanding: Essays on cybernetics and cognition. Springer, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Foerster H. von (ed.) (1995) Cybernetics of cybernetics: Or, the control of control and the communication of communication. Second edition. Future Systems, Minneapolis MN. Originally published in 1974. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Frayling C. (1993) Research in art and design. Royal College of Art Research Papers 1(1): 1–5. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Frazer J. (1993) The architectural relevance of cybernetics. Systems Research 10(3): 43–48. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Frazer J. (1995) An evolutionary architecture. Architectural Association, London. http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/publications/ea/intro.html
Furtado Cardoso Lopes G. M. (2008) Cedric Price’s generator and the Frazers’ systems research. Technoetic Arts 6(1): 55–72. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Furtado Cardoso Lopes G. M. (2009) Gordon Pask: Exchanges between cybernetics and architecture and the envisioning of the IE. Kybernetes 38(7/8): 1317–1331. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Furtado Cardoso Lopes G. M. (2010) Pask’s encounters: From a childhood curiosity to the envisioning of an evolving environment: Exchanges between cybernetics and architecture. Edition Echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Gage S. (2006) The wonder of trivial machines. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 23(6): 771–778. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Gage S. (2007) Constructing the user. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 24(3): 313–322. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Gage S. (2007) How to design a black and white box. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1329–1339. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Gedenryd H. (1998) How designers work: Making sense of authentic cognitive activities. Cognitive Studies 75. Lund University, Sweden. http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/18828/file/1484253.pdf
Glanville R. & Sweeting B. (eds.) (2011) Cybernetics: Art, design, mathematics – A meta-disciplinary conversation: Papers from the 2010 conference of the American Society for Cybernetics. Special double issue of Kybernetes 40(7/8). ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (1992) CAD Abusing Computing. In: Mortola E. et al. (eds.) CAAD instruction: The new teaching of an architect? 10th eCAADe Conference Proceedings, Barcelona: 213–224. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (1994) Variety in design. Systems Research 11(3): 95–103 http://cepa.info/2785
Glanville R. (1997) A ship without a rudder. In: Glanville R. & de Zeeuw G. (eds.) Problems of excavating cybernetics and systems. BKS+, Southsea http://cepa.info/2846
Glanville R. (1999) Researching design and designing research. Design Issues 15(2): 80–91. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2002) Second order cybernetics. In: Parra-Luna F. (ed.) Systems science and cybernetics. In: Encyclopaedia of life support systems (EOLSS). EoLSS, Oxford (Web publication http://cepa.info/2708
Glanville R. (2004) Appropriate theory. In: Durling D., de Bono A. & Redmond J. (eds.) Futureground: Proceedings of the Design Research Society international conference 2004. Monash University, Melbourne: PAGES. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2004) Desirable ethics. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 11(2): 77–88. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2004) The purpose of second-order cybernetics. Kybernetes 33(9/10): 1379–1386 http://cepa.info/2294
Glanville R. (2006) Construction and design. Constructivist Foundations 1(3): 103– 110 http://constructivist.info/1/3/103
Glanville R. (2006) Design and mentation: Piaget’s constant objects. The Radical Designist 0. Retrieved from http://www.iade.pt/designist/pdfs/000_05.pdf
Glanville R. (2007) Designing complexity. Performance Improvement Quarterly 20(2): 75–96 http://cepa.info/2694
Glanville R. (2007) Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1173–1206 http://cepa.info/2464
Glanville R. (2009) A (cybernetic) musing: Certain propositions concerning prepositions. In: The black b∞x, volume III: 39 steps. Edition Echoraum, Vienna: 319–329. Originally published as: (2005) Cybernetics & Human Knowing 12(3): 87–95. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2009) A (cybernetic) musing: Design and cybernetics. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 16(3–4): 175–186. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2009) A (cybernetic) musing: Design and cybernetics. In: The black b∞x. Volume III: 39 steps. Edition Echoraum, Vienna: 423–425. Originally published as: (2009) Cybernetics & Human Knowing 16(3–4): 175–186. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2011) A (cybernetic) musing: Wicked problems. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 19(1–2): 163–173. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2011) Introduction: A conference doing the cybernetics of cybernetics. Kybernetes 40(7/8): 952–963. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2013) Radical constructivism = second order cybernetics. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 19(4): 27–42 http://cepa.info/2695
Glanville R. (2014) Acting to understand and understanding to act. Kybernetes 43(9/10): 1293–1300. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2014) Freedom and the machine. Text of inaugural professorial lecture. University College London, 10 March 2010. In: Glanville R., The black b∞x. Volume II: Living in cybernetic circles. Edition echoraum, Vienna: 61–81. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2014) Why design research? In: Glanville R., The black b∞x. Volume II: Living in cybernetic circles. Edition Echoraum, Vienna: 111–120. Originally published in: Jacues R. & Powell J. (eds.) (1981) Design, science, method: Proceedings of the 1980 Design Research Society conference. Westbury House, Guildford: 86–94. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (2015) The sometimes uncomfortable marriages of design and research. In: Rogers P. A. & Yee J. (eds.) The Routledge companion to design research. Routledge, London: 9–22 http://cepa.info/2799
Glanville R. (ed.) (2007) Cybernetics and design. Special double issue of Kybernetes 36(9/10). ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R. (ed.) (2012) Trojan horses: A rattle bag from the ‘Cybernetics: Art, design, mathematic – A meta-disciplinary conversation’ post-conference workshop. Edition echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glanville R., Griffiths D. & Baron P. (eds.) (2014) A circularity in learning. Special double issue of Kybernetes 43(9/10). ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Glasersfeld E. von (1990) An exposition of constructivism: Why some like it radical. In: Davis R. B., Maher C. A. & Noddings N. (eds.) Monographs of the Journal for Research in Mathematics Education #4. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Reston VA: 19–29 http://cepa.info/1415
Glasersfeld E. von (1995) Radical constructivism: A way of knowing and learning. Falmer Press, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Goodbun J. (2011) Gregory Bateson’s ecological aesthetics: An addendum to urban political ecology. Field 4(1): 35–46. http://www.field-journal.org/uploads/file/2011 Volume 4/field-journal_Ecology.pdf
Gooding D. (1992) Putting agency back into experiment. In: Pickering A. (ed.) Science as practice and culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL: 65–112. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Grand S. & Jonas W. (2012) Mapping design research. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Halprin L. (1969) The RSVP cycles: Creative processes in the human environment. George Brazillier, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Herr C. & Fischer T. (2004) Using hardware cellular automata to simulate use in adaptive architecture. In: CAADRIA2004: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, Seoul, Korea 28–30 April 2004: 815–828. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Herr C. & Fischer T. (2013) Systems for showing and repurposing: A second-order cybernetic reflection on some cellular automata projects. Journal of Mathematics and System Science 3(2013): 201–216 http://cepa.info/2323
Herr C. M. (2011) Mutually arising abstract and actual. Kybernetes 40(7/8): 1030–1037. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Herr C. M. (2015) Second order cellular automata to support designing. Kybernetes 44(8/9): 1251–1261. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Herr C. M. (2015) The big picture: Connecting design, second order cybernetics and radical constructivism. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 22(2–3): 107–114 http://cepa.info/2468
Hohl M. & Sweeting B. (eds.) (2015) Composing conferences. Special issue of Constructivist Foundations 11(1 http://constructivist.info/11/1
Holl S., Pallasmaa J. & Pérez-Gómez A. (2006) Questions of perception: Phenomenology of architecture. William Stout, San Francisco CA. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Hollingsworth R. & Müller, K. H. (2008) Transforming socio-economics with a new epistemology. Socio-Economic Review 6(3): 395–426. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Irwin T. (2015) Transition design: A proposal for a new area of design practice, study and research. Design and Culture 7(2): 229–246. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jelić A. (2015) Designing “pre-reflective” architecture: Implications of neurophenomenology for architectural design and thinking. Ambiances – International Journal of Sensory Environment, Architecture, and Urban Space: 11 September 2015. http://ambiances.revues.org/628
Jelić A., Tieri G., De Matteis F., Babiloni F. & Vecchiato G. (2016) The enactive approach to architectural experience: A neurophysiological perspective on embodiment, motivation, and affordances. Frontiers in Psychology 7. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00481
Jonas W. (2007) Design research and its meaning to the methodological development of the discipline. In: Michel R. (ed.) Design research now: Essays and selected projects. Birkhäuser, Basel: 187–206. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jonas W. (2007) Research through DESIGN through research: A cybernetic model of designing design foundations. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1362–1380. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jonas W. (2012) Exploring the swampy ground. In: Grand S. & Jonas W. (eds.) Mapping design research. Birkhäuser, Basel: 11–41. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jonas W. (2014) The strengths/limits of Systems Thinking denote the strengths/limits of Practice-Based Design Research. FORMakademisk 7(4): Article 1: 1–11. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jonas W. (2015) A cybernetic model of design research: Towards a trans-domain of knowing. In: Rogers P. A. & Yee J. (eds.) The Routledge companion to design research. Routledge, London: 23–37. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jonas W. (2015) Research through design is more than just a new form of disseminating design outcomes. Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 32–36 http://constructivist.info/11/1/032
Jones J. C. (1984) How my thoughts about design methods have changed during the years. In: Essays in design. Wiley, Chichester: 13–27. Originally published in 1974. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Jones P. (2014) Design research methods in systemic design. In: Sevaldson B. & Jones P. (eds.) Proceedings of the Third Symposium of Relating Systems Thinking to Design (RSD3) Oslo School of Architecture and Design, Oslo. http://systemic-design.net/rsd3-proceedings/
Knorr Cetina K. (1992) The couch, the cathedral, and the laboratory: On the relationship between experiment and laboratory in science. In: Pickering A. (ed.) Science as practice and culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL: 113–138. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Kolarevic B. (2003) Architecture in the digital age: Design and manufacturing. Taylor & Francis, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Krippendorff K. (2007) The cybernetics of design and the design of cybernetics. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1381–1392 http://cepa.info/2463
Krueger T. (2007) Design and prosthetic perception. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1393–1405. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Lautenschlaeger G. & Pratschke A. (2011) Don’t give up! Media art as an endless conversational process. Kybernetes 40(7/8): 1090–1101. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Leach N. (2012) Parametrics explained. In: Leach N. & Yuan P. F. (ed.) Scripting the future. Tongij University Press, Shanghai. Reprinted as: Leach N. (2014) Parametrics explained. Next Generation Building 1(1): 8–15. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Littlewood J. (1964) A laboratory of fun. New Scientist 22(391): 432–433. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Lloyd Thomas K., Amhoff T. & Beech N. (eds.) (2016) Industries of architecture. Routledge, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Lobsinger M. L. (2000) Cybernetic theory and the architecture of performance: Cedric Price’s Fun Palace. In: Goldhagen S. W. & Legault R. (eds.) Anxious modernisms: Experimentation in post-war architectural culture. MIT Press, Cambridge MA: 119–139. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Lynn G. (ed.) (1993) Folding in architecture. Architectural Design Profile 102: 8–15. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Mallgrave H. F. (2011) The architect’s brain: Neuroscience, creativity, and architecture. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Mallgrave H. F. (2013) Architecture and embodiment: The implications of the new sciences and humanities for design. Routledge, New York NY. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Mathews S. (2005) The Fun Palace: Cedric Price’s experiment in architecture and technology. Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research, 3(2): 73–91. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Mathews S. (2006) The Fun Palace as virtual architecture: Cedric Price and the practices of indeterminacy. Journal of Architectural Education 59(3): 39–48. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Mathews S. (2007) From agit-prop to free space: The architecture of Cedric Price. London: Black Dog. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Maturana H. R. (1990) Science and daily life: The ontology of scientific explanations. In: Krohn W., Kuppers G. & Nowotny H. (eds.) Selforganization: Portrait of a scientific revolution. Kluwer, Dordrecht: 12–35 http://cepa.info/607
Mead M. (1968) Cybernetics of cybernetics. In: Foerster H. von, White J. D., Peterson L. J. & Russell J. K. (eds.) Purposive systems. Spartan Books, New York: 1–11 http://cepa.info/2634
Medawar P. (1996) Is the scientific paper a fraud? In: The strange case of the spotted mice and other classic essays on science. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 33–39. Originally published in 1963. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Michel R. (2007) Design research now: Essays and selected projects. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Müller A. & Müller K. H. (eds.) (2007) An unfinished revolution? Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL): 1958–1976. Edition Echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Müller K. H. & Müller A. (2011) Foreword: Re-discovering and re-inventing Heinz von Foerster. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 18(3–4): 5–16. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Müller K. H. & Riegler A. (2014) A new course of action. Constructivist Foundations 10(1): 1–6 http://constructivist.info/10/1/001
Müller K. H. & Riegler A. (2014) Second-order science: A vast and largely unexplored science frontier. Constructivist Foundations 10(1): 7–15 http://constructivist.info/10/1/007
Müller K. H. (2008) The new science of cybernetics: The evolution of living research designs. Volume I: Methodology. Edition Echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Müller K. H. (2010) The radical constructivist movement and its network formations. Constructivist Foundations 6(1): 31–39 http://constructivist.info/6/1/031
Müller K. H. (2011) The new science of cybernetics: The evolution of living research designs. Volume II: Theory. Edition Echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Müller K. H. (2014) Towards a general methodology for second-order science. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12(5): 33–42 http://cepa.info/2786
Negroponte N. (1975) Soft architecture machines. MIT Press, Cambridge MA. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Nicolescu B. (2012) Transdisciplinarity: The hidden third, between the subject and the object. Human & Social Studies 1(1): 13–28. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Nowotny H., Scott P. & Gibbons M. (2006) Re-thinking science: Mode 2 in societal context. In: Carayannis E. G. & Campbell D. F. J. (eds.) Knowledge creation, diffusion, and use in innovation networks and knowledge clusters. A comparative systems approach across the United States, Europe and Asia. Praeger, Westport CT: 39–51. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Oxman R. (2006) Theory and design in the first digital age. International Journal of Design Studies 27: 229–265. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pallasmaa J. (2005) The eyes of the skin: Architecture and the senses. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pask G. (1963) The conception of a shape and the evolution of a design. In: Jones J. C. & Thornley D. G. (eds.) Conference on Design Methods, September, 1962. Pergamon Press, Oxford: 153–167. Retrieved from http://pangaro.com/pask/pask conception of shape and evolution of design.pdf
Pask G. (1969) The architectural relevance of cybernetics. Architectural Design 39(9): 494–496 http://cepa.info/2696
Pask G. (1976) Conversation theory: Applications in education and epistemology. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Retrieved from http://pangaro.com/pask/ConversationTheory.zip
Pickering A. (1993) The mangle of practice: Agency and emergence in the sociology of science. American Journal of Sociology 99(3): 559–589. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pickering A. (1995) The mangle of practice: Time, agency, and science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pickering A. (2010) The cybernetic brain: Sketches of another future. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pickering A. (ed.) (1992) Science as practice and culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Popper K. R. (1976) Unended quest: An intellectual autobiography. Routledge, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Pratschke A. (2007) Architecture as a verb: Cybernetics and design processes for the social divide. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1458–1470. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Price C. (2003) Re: CP. Edited by H. U. Obrist. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Ramsgard Thomsen M. (2007) Drawing a live section: Explorations into robotic membranes. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1471–1485. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rawes P. (2007) Second-order cybernetics, architectural drawing and monadic thinking. Kybernetes 36(9/10): 1486–1496. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rawes P. (ed.) (2013) Relational architectural ecologies: Architecture, nature and subjectivity. Routledge, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Richards L. D. (2010) The anticommunication imperative. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 17(1–2): 11–24 http://cepa.info/925
Richards L. D. (2015) Designing academic conferences in the light of second-order cybernetics. Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 65–73 http://constructivist.info/11/1/065
Riegler A. & Müller K. H. (eds.) (2014) Second-order science. Special issue of Constructivist Foundations 10(1 http://constructivist.info/10/1
Rietveld E. & Kiverstein J. (2014) A rich landscape of affordances. Ecological Psychology 26(4): 325–352. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rietveld E. (2016) Situating the embodied mind in a landscape of standing affordances for living without chairs: Materializing a philosophical worldview. Sports Medicine: 1–6. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rittel H. & Webber M. (1973) Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4: 155–169. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rittel H. & Webber M. (1984) Planning problems are wicked problems. In: Cross N. (ed.) Developments in design methodology. Wiley, Chichester: 135–144. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rittel H. (1972) On the planning crisis: Systems analysis of the “first and second generations.” Bedriftskonomen 8: 390–396. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Rogers P. A. & Yee J. (eds.) (2015) The Routledge companion to design research. Routledge, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Schneidewind U. & Augenstein K. (2012) Analyzing a transition to a sustainability-oriented science system in Germany. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 3: 16–28. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Schön D. A. (1988) Designing: Rules, types and worlds. Design Studies 9(3): 181–190. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Schön D. A. (1991) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Arena, Farnham. Originally published in 1983. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Scott B. (2003) “Heinz von Foerster – An appreciation” (Revisited). Cybernetics & Human Knowing 10(3–4): 137–149 http://cepa.info/2697
Scott B. (2004) Second-order cybernetics: An historical introduction. Kybernetes 33(9/10): 1365–1378. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Scott B. (2011) Explorations in second-order cybernetics: Reflections on cybernetics, psychology and education. Edition Echoraum, Vienna. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Shannon C. E. (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27: 379–457. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6773024
Simon H. A. (1996) The sciences of the artificial. Third edition. MIT Press, Cambridge MA. Originally published in 1969. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Snow C. P. (1961) The two cultures and the scientific revolution. Cambridge University Press, New York. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Spiller N. (2006) Visionary architecture: Blueprints of the modern imagination. Thames and Hudson, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Spiller N. (ed.) (2002) Cyber_reader: Critical writings for the digital era. Phaidon Press, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Sweeting B. & Hohl M. (2015) Exploring alternatives to the traditional conference format: Introduction to the special issue on composing conferences. Constructivist Foundations 11(1): 1–7 http://constructivist.info/11/1/001
Sweeting B. (2011) Conversing with drawings and buildings: From abstract to actual in architecture. Kybernetes 40 (7/8): 1159–1165 http://cepa.info/1002
Sweeting B. (2014) Architecture and undecidability: Explorations in there being no right answer – Some intersections between epistemology, ethics and designing architecture, understood in terms of second-order cybernetics and radical constructivism. PhD Thesis, UCL, London. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443544
Sweeting B. (2015) Architecture and second order science. In: Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the ISSS 1(1): 1–6 http://cepa.info/2843
Sweeting B. (2015) Conversation, design and ethics: The cybernetics of Ranulph Glanville. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 22(2–3): 99–105 http://cepa.info/2845
Sweeting B. (2015) Cybernetics of practice. Kybernetes 44(8/9): 1397–1405. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Toffler A. (1970) Future shock: A study of mass bewilderment in the face of accelerating change. Bodley Head, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Trimingham R. (2008) The role of values in design decision-making. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal 13(2): 37–52. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Turnbull D. (2000) Masons, tricksters and cartographers: Comparative studies in the sociology of scientific and indigenous knowledge. Routledge, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Umpleby S. A. & Dent E. (1999) The origins and purposes of several traditions in systems theory and cybernetics. Cybernetics and Systems 30(2): 79–103 http://cepa.info/2698
Umpleby S. A. (2003) Heinz von Foerster and the Mansfield amendment. Cybernetics & Human Knowing 10(3–4): 187–190 http://cepa.info/1876
Umpleby S. A. (2014) Second-order science: Logic, strategies, methods. Constructivist Foundations 10(1): 16–23 http://constructivist.info/10/016
Upitis A. (2013) Alexander’s choice: How architecture avoided computer aided design c. 1962. In: Dutta A. (ed.) A second modernism: MIT, architecture, and the “techno-social” moment. SA+P Press, Cambridge MA: 474–505. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
van Ditmar D. F. & Glanville R. (eds.) (2013) Listening: Proceedings of ASC conference 2011. Special double issue of Cybernetics & Human Knowing 20(1–2). ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Vörös S. (2014) The uroboros of consciousness: Between the naturalisation of phenomenology and the phenomenologisation of nature. Constructivist Foundations 10(1): 96–104 http://constructivist.info/10/1/096
Wiener N. (1950) The human use of human beings: Cybernetics and society. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Zumthor P. (1999) Thinking architecture. Birkhäuser, Basel. ▸︎ Google︎ Scholar
Comments: 0
To stay informed about comments to this publication and post comments yourself, please log in first.